Tips For Buying Research Papers For Sale

Tips For Buying Research Papers For Sale He finish it earlier then the due time with a brief discover. I would personally advocate him and customwriting to everybody that I know. Send deposit and your expert will begin working in your educational essay. Although our costs are at the lowest finish of the industry’s pricing range, we still supply a number of methods to avoid wasting much more. Also, there’s a highly efficient Loyalty Program obtainable for returning prospects. You should understand that in most American and European universities plagiarism is taken into account a critical offense. In some Ivy League universities and other prestigious universities like Stanford or Caltech,plagiarismcan lead to expulsion from the college. You need to do not forget that someone’s concepts are thought of mental property. You have to ask permission, pay some money for rent and only then you can lease it. Get in contact with our customer managers for more details on unique presents and saving alternatives. It is a hundred% secure to order a term paper here since we do not request private information similar to name, tackle, etc. The body is the central a part of your research paper. It’s really helpful that you simply craft an overview of your arguments before you dive into writing it. Depending on the kind of research paper, the body could be structured within the pros-cons format, argument-example format, and so forth. When you employ someone else words or concepts, you must include citations within the physique of your analysis paper . Helping college students to achieve their daring educational goals is a privilege that we do not take flippantly. If you suppose that your academic emergency hasn't been addressed properly, get your money back. Did you simply understand you not require the paper for personal reasons? Just return the paper to us and you will get back your cash based on our refund coverage. By clicking “Send”, you comply with our phrases of service and privateness coverage. We guarantee that the work might be correctly formatted and structured, will include only correct details and shall be written in an appropriate language. We all the time think about the requirements of your college! Besides, each piece of the essay is checked for plagiarism with specialized instruments. We gladly share some examples of through analysis and writing that we did for our prospects. As you know, 24 hours are never enough to get every thing done as a student. To maintain educational success, some college students decide to skip sleep, while others sacrifice their social lives and hobbies. However, you don’t need to do any of those things. Anonymity & Confidentiality â€" in TrustMyPaper, any research paper for sale you order might be utterly nameless and no one will know that you purchased it on-line. After we deliver it, all rights to that paper are yours, so it’s truly your property. If you additionally wish to trade the paper, we're at your service. Lastly, we now have all the course outlines for all of the courses supplied in international faculties and universities. If you simply take it and experience away, that might be considered a crime since you took somebody’s property. The identical precept works for tutorial articles and books. You all the time must cite your supply to keep away from any issues. Most of the assignments given are both case research or application questions. We have a team of[professors who design possible questions for our American writes to work on them. Citing sources in your research paper isn't as straightforward as it seems. There are loads of guidelines and guidelines you have to follow in order to avoid plagiarism.

7 Things You Should Never Wear on a Job Interview

7 Things You Should Never Wear on a Job Interview Except if you’re going after a job at Vogue, your gathering ought to be a low-stress choice. In the event that you adhere to some evergreen standards about what to do (and what not to do), you’ll guarantee that you look sharp, without your garments removing any of the roar from your shining resume and aptitudes. Here are seven things not to wear on meet day.1. Garments that don’t fit.If you’re swimming in your capacity suit, it can make you look similar to a child playing spruce up. On the off chance that your outfit is a few sizes excessively little, it can divert from the current conversation and possibly accentuate a few, uh, properties that truly shouldn’t be on the table in an expert prospective employee meeting. Ensure your garments fit you as you may be. On the off chance that you can’t manage the cost of another meeting outfit, don’t worry there are moderately cheap fitting choices that can make your fortunate coat fit once mor e, or sew those jeans so that you’re not stumbling over the ends.2. Garments that are super-casual.Even on the off chance that you know early that the organization where you’re meeting is super cazh, you should in any case decide in favor of convention for your meeting outfit. Never wear flip-tumbles, a cap, pants, a shirt, or anything with a conspicuous brand composed on it. You’ll have a lot of time to wear your easygoing apparatus later if the workplace clothing standard is laid-back. With respect to the brands, the main brand you need to peddle for is you.3. Improper clothing.If it’s low profile, simply state no. In the event that it’s near that line, discover another shirt. You don’t need to spend the meeting stressing that on the off chance that you move only a little, your neck area may descend into â€Å"too much skin† domain. The equivalent goes for garments that are too close you need to keep the consideration on your resume , not on your risquã ©.4. Garments that hotshot your tattoos.For numerous individuals, tattoos are in a private (or possibly secured by attire) spot, and it’s a non-issue. Be that as it may, in the event that you have one out of a territory like your lower arm or leg, spread it for the meeting. You can't be sure whether you’ll be meeting with somebody who’s on the traditionalist side, or considers it to be sufficient to influence their perspective on you. This doesn’t mean you ought to fundamentally be embarrassed about your sweet â€Å"MOM† ink†¦but a meeting just isn’t the correct feature. Once more, it shifts center and conversation away from the expert and into the personal.5. An excessive number of accessories.Do you truly need that scarf and designed headband and the entirety of the arm bands in your gems box? Short answer: no. Embellishments are an extraordinary method to show a touch of character and style sense, however attemp t to confine it to a couple of pieces that stream discreetly with your outfit.6. High-volume colors.The best generally shading palette for your meeting outfit(s) is dim or potentially unbiased. You can in any case use complement hues, however once more you don’t need your garments doing the talking for you. The brilliant plaid tie might be the â€Å"in† shading in Esquire this month for its unexpected kitsch, yet go with the downplayed rendition for your interview.7. Garments that are grimy or ripped.Above all, you should look perfect for your meeting. On the off chance that conceivable, get your garments dry-cleaned before talk with day. In any case, regardless of whether you’re doing it at home, ensure you give everything a quick overview for stains, little tears, or different defects that could ding your created picture while you’re interviewing.Dressing for progress doesn’t fundamentally require a huge amount of cash simply care and considerati on that let your best self appear on the other side.

Theme of Love Essay Example For Students

Topic of Love Essay In the public eye today, when somebody makes reference to the word â€Å"Love† and are alluding to adore between two of no connection, it is ensured that at any rate a large portion of the individuals encompassing you will shiver. Regardless of whether it be through perception or experience, individuals have come to discover that Love is a long way from being the perfect state wherein one should live in and, besides, many decide to avoid it. It is known to break hearts, to and, in all honesty, it really isn't in every case cheerfully ever after. Truly, Love has its positive focuses. It is exciting and energizing when you’re in affection, it is once in a while even euphoric yet the contention here isn't whether Love is fortunate or unfortunate for you. The contention is that it has the same number of cons to it as it does aces. We will compose a custom article on Theme of Love explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now One isn't forever cheerful when they are enamored. There are negative viewpoints to it also. There is duplicity, visual deficiency, defenselessness, just as navet. It requires a lot of exertion to work at a relationship. Love can be uneven, hopeless, even only intoxicating.The rate pace of self destruction because of adoration being dismissed, not taboo, is very high. This is a piece of the real world and it has been acknowledged by a portion of the populace, yet there are a few people that despite everything trust it is a fantasy world. Are the portrayals of adoration in Like Water for Chocolate, The Princess Bride, and Tristan Iseult the perfect impression of what genuine love today is really about, or are watchers being misdirected by a broken picture? When analyzed, Like Water for Chocolate, Tristan Iseult, just as The Princess Bride each epitomize illegal yet constantly extraordinary love, in this way deluding perusers and watchers into the false notion that â€Å"Love overcomes all† and putting a twisted picture that without adoration, there is nothing and with affection, you needn't bother with whatever else. The Princess Bride discusses Heartbroken, Buttercup who goes into grieving for her lost love, and reappears five years after the fact as the reluctant lady of the hour to-be of the detestable Prince Humperdinck. To exacerbate the situation, Princess Buttercup winds up being abducted by a trio of criminals. Luckily, Buttercups genuine affection, Westley, is as yet alive and has returned to save her. Obviously, before the couple can be brought together in favored marriage, there are various intriguing impediments to survive. The Princess Bride summons the marvel of fantasies, with its ladies in-trouble, malicious beasts, and liberal parts of sentiment tossed. A magnificent fantasy it is and realizing without a doubt that nothing is to be taken actually, it is just normal for one to filter the genuine importance behind this film. Love vanquishes all. The same number of times as this expression is to be utilized, it is important to continue referencing it. It is reasonable to state that this film has been made for youngsters, however is it not off-base to misdirect them about adoration? It assembles a pointless thought that there is no halting Love when it comes your way.There is slight enduring in the film when Buttercup feels the loss of her genuine romance, and afterward loses him again for the second time after the Prince endeavors to kill him. However, Westley restores, twice, on the premise that he has guaranteed his one and genuine affection that he will be back for her. Nothing is going to stop him. Concerning Buttercup, she remains devoted for a long time until she is compelled to wed the sovereign and would prefer to bite the dust with her adoration than to live without him. Do youngsters likewise remember that Buttercup and Westley had barely expressed multiple words to one another at once before they powerlessly began to look all starry eyed at? Unexplainable adoration may exist, yet not in the manner in which it is shown in the film. Another somewhat upsetting issue is that this film isn't just made for childrenLike Water for Chocolate is a novel that is blended in with adoration, despise, connections, humor, custom, fate and enchantment that are completely uncovered through food made in the kitchen. The different plans that present every section cover up

Note Taking in College

Note Taking in College While I was an “A+ student” in high school, I never found it necessary to take many notes to succeed. Sometimes in high school, teachers print out slides or give you the lecture material after class. While this still does happen occasionally in 100-level classes, you’ll be hard-pressed to find it when you start taking more difficult classes. This necessitates learning how to take notes on your own â€" fast. Computer or Hand-Written? While I can see the value of tech in the classroom, Im not a fan of online note-taking. Often on a computer, I get caught up in trying to type what a professor says verbatim. When I’m writing by hand, I have to quickly synthesize the information in my head before writing it down. This leads to far better comprehension, and I’m not distracted by the 40 email notifications I get in an hour.  If you get distracted easily, a computer might not be the way for you to go. Tools Your note-taking style will likely change throughout your time here as you adapt to different classrooms and professors. Each person has a different preference for note-taking, whether its with brand-new colored pens or a used-up Bic. I choose to keep a binder instead of a notebook. I used to write in notebooks, but I’ve found that binders are far more efficient. Im able to take out specific pages at a time and insert in-class activities next to the notes that they refer to. This is helpful when I’m reviewing, as I can see examples of the analyses I might be asked to do on the test!   Like I said, everyone does this differently, but I wanted to give you a quick overview of what my note-taking process looks like!   Pre-Exam This is a page from my notes on CMN 345: Visual Media Effects. My system for this class is a dashed line (-) to denote something that is written on a slide, and a plus sign (+) to denote my own summary of what a professor says. Later on, this helps me compare notes to other students. My interpretation of what the professor said might vary from theirs, and while I never make mistakes (ha ha), I’m always interested in different understandings of the material.   Post-Exam This is a page from my notes on CMN 368: Sexual Communication after our first exam. This gets into a little bit of my study habits, but that ties right into note-taking. Its been typical in my communication classes to get a study guide before the first exam that has a list of all the topics that will be on the exam. The best way for me to study is to go through my notes and readings and make a document of everything I know about each topic. I will then print that document and color-code it according to each subject. Once Im finished, Ill do the same in my original notes. The color-coordination per subject and the amount of times I go over the material help it stick better. It also makes me think about whether or not I have a comprehensive understanding of the material. My note-taking style has changed a lot throughout the years, and still changes slightly from class to class. How I take notes depends heavily on the professor, but I almost always stick to hand-written. Professors rarely put a lot of text on the slide, so you’re mostly relying on what they say. Alex Class of 2020 After switching majors four times, I've finally fallen in love with what I'm studying: communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I hope hearing about my experiences can put all your worries at ease, because college really isn't as scary as you might think!

Analysis Of Jane Austen s The One Hand Mansfield Park

Jane Austen is an author who sticks to her own established tropes across many of her novels. Time and time again one can encounter the same sorts of characters and similar situations in her novel. But Mansfield Park and Emma are two novels that tend to stand out against Austen’s others – and what makes them stand out is not so much a departure from her pre-established tropes, but a deeper insight into them. In examining these two novels, one might think that the only similarity between them is the way Austen turns her own tropes on their heads. On the one hand Mansfield Park is possibly Austen’s darkest novel, featuring a desperately oppressed heroine whom readers have found hard to like. On the other hand Emma is a lively novel full of hilariously ridiculous missteps and a heroine who wields all the power necessary to cause those missteps. Yet they do have other things in common. For instance, both examine themes of isolation and issues of a small community, and in both novels, day trips and journeys serve to perpetuate that isolation, rather than relieve it. Both Nina Auerbach and Marilyn Butler touch briefly on this theme in their respective criticisms of Mansfield Park and Emma. Auerbach paints Fanny as a monster comparable to Frankenstein’s creature and other classic English monsters such as the vampire and even Beowulf’s Grendel. She states that â€Å"like Frankenstein and his monster†¦ Fanny is a killjoy† (448), and argues that Fanny â€Å"draws sustenance from her role asShow MoreRelated The Basic Elements of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice4010 Words   |  17 PagesThe most important things about a novel are more than one. Which can be Plot, Themes, Conflicts, Settings, Mood etc. Pride and Prejudice is a very complicated but simple play and for a new learner of Jane Austens this work, one should have to know the basics of this novel. Under are discussed the same basics for the help of the new readers. BACKGROUND INFORMATION - BIOGRAPHY Jane Austen was born in 1775 at Steventon, Hampshire in southern England, where her father was a minister. She was theRead MoreThe Formation of Jane Austens Marriage Concept and the Reflection in Pride and Prejudice3822 Words   |  16 PagesTHE FORMATION OF JANE AUSTEN S MARRIAGE CONCEPT AND THE REFLECTION IN PRIDE AND PREJUDICE by Nie Zuyuan December,2010 College of Technology,Xiaogan University Abstract â€Å"It is a true universally acknowledged,that a single man in possession of a good fortune,must be in want of a wife.†Almost two centuries later,the deep impression on readers left by the opening sentence of Pride and Prejudice has not decreased because of their changing literary taste.As the author of Pride and Prejudice

What Everyone Is Saying About Time Management Essay Samples Is Wrong and Why

What Everyone Is Saying About Time Management Essay Samples Is Wrong and Why Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper will help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. Writing an argumentative essay is a skill that anyone in school should know, although it can be useful outside the classroom, also. It has been around for quite a long time. Deciding upon an emotional topic is also a superb idea. Great time management is essential in so many diverse levels. There's no need to waste time for what you don't have to do in the job, but what to do next, so the amount of productivity has to be increased. When you learn how to take charge of the time granted to you, you soon learn to enhance your capability to concentrate also. Luckily, there are several time management tactics that may work out for you. You only have to look closely at your work, which will raise the level of your results. If you've got an over baring list you might want to create the choice to trim it down so that it's a realistic collection of tasks. To attain success in any area, it is crucial to properly arrange your time. Should you need extra assistance with editing and revising, there are a few free tools readily available online. The New Fuss About Time Management Essay Samples It's not sufficient to simply disagree with a different point of view or opinion. While the focus is largely on your side, there's also a discussion concerning the opposing side which goes far beyond a single sentence or a paragraph. You're going to need to select a topic first, but your topic ought to be something that has two conflicting points or distinct conclusions. One of the principal problems is obesity. The body of your essay needs to be supported by research evidence you could gather. An argumentative essay exampl e will reveal the should possess some critical components which make it better in the practice of convincing. As an example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing viewpoint. For example, if the paper needs extensive research, find out how long you will need for the research approach. Abortion is a critical issue and it ought to be researched upon more. It is a very sensitive issue. It should not be considered as murder in the early stage, which is the first ten to twelve weeks. There have been lots of arguments over what is right about abortion and what's not. Life, Death, and Time Management Essay Samples When you develop this kind of essay, you must make your claims by your composition so it will be open fordebate. You might also see synthesis essay. You can also see essay examples. In order to give an in-depth understanding about the argumentative essay, it is advisable to take a look at some of the greatest examples of argumentative essay. Quite simply, essay writing was classified as a formal and informal type of writing. Remember that the amount of your essay is contingent on the assignment offered to you. You can also see travel essay. You could also see scholarship essay. Facts, Fiction and Time Management Essay Samples Not only will the switch help reduce the expense of textbooks, but nevertheless, it will also be saving the environment by decreasing waste and diminishing the quantity of paper used. Just ensure no undertaking is taking more time than it ought to be. Don't let each task take up a great deal of time. By doing this you're going to be in a position to accomplish your important task punctually. So if you're taking a sleep for 10-11 hours, lessen your time of sleep. Remember that time is restricted. It is essential for you to sleep for 7-8 hours every day. With just 24 hours every day, you want to generate every hour, every moment, and every second count. In the debut, that is the very first paragraph of the essay, Myrtle will want to spell out the problem and state her position. The position is not really that Myrtle should include within her essay. Frequently the discussions become heated up as debates and wind up as arguments. The introduction involves an explanation of the problem, background info, and the author's position. Look through the list of topics with care and get started making a mental collection of the evidence it is possible to use on topics you want. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it.

Female Foeticide Free Essays

Female Foeticide: A legal Analysis In 1988 there was an advertisement in the Diwali special number of a renowned Marathi magazine:[1] â€Å"Amniocentesis is a developed science To misuse it for abortion is a great sin. Better go in for sex-selection Read this book. Consult your family doctor for a sure way of begetting sons. We will write a custom essay sample on Female Foeticide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Female foeticide is perhaps one of the worst forms of violence against women where a woman is denied her most basic and fundamental right- the right to life enshrined in Article 21 of Indian Constitution. Elimination of the girl child by way of selectively eliminating the female embryos or foetuses is an age-old phenomenon. It negates the fundamental right to equality guaranteed under Articles 14 and 15 of our Constitution. The traditional mentality of the Indian culture of preferring the boy baby over the girl child combined with the ultra modern technology has only succeeded in boosting the status conscious Indian families to perpetuate their choice making process of the girl child elimination in the most sophisticated and easiest way. To top it all, the ethically conscious medical profession has been able to bring down the already imbalanced sex ratio on to 927 women per 1000 men. [2] It raises important issues on the interfacing of technology, health and society, of misuse of medical technology, of using techno-centric solutions for social problems, of violation of the principles of medical ethics, of social and demographic implications of such technologies, of the decision making processes involving technology, which can have far-reaching social effects, of regulating the medical profession (specially reproductive technology) both internally and externally, of limits to research and the techno-docs’ power ‘to play God’, of the role and limits of social legislation in tackling social problems; of ‘informed consent’, and patients’ rights and doctors accountability, of the possible fall-out of the advent of New Reproductive Technologies (NRTs) from Sex Pre-Selection Techniques (SPSTs) to non-coital reproduction through IVF- ET or GIFF, surrogate motherhood to genetic engineering; of decision-making process in family and socie ty and women’s role (or lack of it) in them. All these interrelated issues mean something to all our lives as it defines the way we see our past, present and future. Traditionally the patriarchal families got rid of the â€Å"unwanted child† either by way of poisoning the new-born baby or letting her coke on husk or simply by crushing her skull under a charpoy. Since modern medical tests have made it easier to determine the sex of the child even before the birth of the â€Å"unwanted child†, the number has only shot instead of decreasing. In one hospital, a study showed that out of 8,000 abortions performed, 7,999 were female foetuses. [3] Hence, the government was forced to pass the Pre Natal Diagnostic (Prevention) Act, 1994 in response to the increasing number of abortions performed on women carrying female foetuses. 4] Thus, India’s officials banned couples from using â€Å"technical means† to determine the sex of a foetus. [5] Although India’s Parliament passed the legislation in 1994, it could not become law until all state legislatures approved it. [6] The law finally took effect on January 1, 1996. The 1 994 Act is both prohibitive and regulatory. Prohibitive: According to the Act the use of pre-natal techniques for the purposes of sex determination are prohibited. [7] The Act prohibits any person conducting prenatal diagnostic procedure from communicating to the pregnant women concerned or her relatives the sex of the foetus by words, signs or in any other manner. 8] The Act prohibits any Genetic Counselling centre, Genetic Laboratory and Genetic Clinic to conduct activities relating to pre-natal diagnostic technique unless it is registered under the Act or to employ anyone who does not possess the prescribed qualifications. The medical practitioners are prohibited to conduct such techniques at any place, which is not registered under the Act. Regulatory: The Act provides for the regulation of pre-natal diagnostic techniques. Prenatal diagnostic techniques may be used to detect genetic or metabolic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities or certain congenital malformations or sex-li nked disorders. Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques may be employed only under specified conditions by registered institutions:[9] O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tests can only be carried out on women who are either over the age of thirty-five; or O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have had two or more miscarriages; or O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Who have been exposed to radiation, infection, chemicals or drugs which are harmful to the foetus; or O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The pregnant woman has a family history of mental retardation or physical deformities such as spasticity or any other genetic disease; or O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Any other condition as may be specified by the Central Supervisory Board. It is very important to note that the Act permits use of such techniques provided the medical practitioner has explained all the known side and after effects of such techniques to the pregnant woman and more importantly, has obtained her written consent in the language she understands. 10] Persons working in the clinics, as well as women and their families who use the clinics; or are liable for fines and imprisonment for violating the Act. [11] The Act provides for the construction of a Central Supervisory Board [herein after CSB], which shall be established to advise the government on policy matters relating to pre-natal diagnostic techniques; to review the implementation of the Act and its rules; and to recommend changes in the Act and its rules. [12] The CSB has been assigned a very important function of spreading public awareness against the practice of pre-natal determination of sex and foeticide. The CSB shall meet at least twice a year to review the functioning of the Act and make recommendations for its better implementation. [13] An Appropriate Authority shall be appointed in States and Union Territories and regions wherein the authorities are empowered:[14] O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To grant, suspend or cancel the registration of genetic counselling centres, laboratories and clinics; and O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also to investigate complaints regarding breach of the provisions of the Act or the rules. The Act lays down prohibition on the issuance of advertisements[15] relating to pre-natal sex determination by any person, organisation or institutional and provides that any contravention/Violations of the same will entitle the offender a punishment of 3 years imprisonment and/ or Rs. 10,000/- fine for the first charge, this increasing to Rs. 50,000/- fine and 5 years imprisonment for a second charge. [16] But there are various loopholes in the Act, which has made it a failure to a great extent thus letting the demons of female foeticide/infanticide survive and flourish! Hence, the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Amendment Act, 2002 was passed to plug the loopholes. THE PRE-NATAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES (REGULATION AND PREVENTION OF MISUSE) AMENDMENT ACT, 2002: Objectives of the New Act: The practices relating to female foeticide and techniques connected with the same are considered discriminatory to the female sex and not conducive to the dignity of the women. The proliferation of the technologies mentioned above may, in future, precipitate a catastrophe, in the form of severe imbalance in male-female ratio. The State is also duty bound to intervene in such matters to uphold the welfare of the society, especially of the women and children. Therefore, the government felt the necessary to enact and implement in letter and spirit a legislation to ban the pre-conception sex selection techniques and the misuse of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for sex-selective abortions and to provide for the regulation of such abortions. Such a law is also needed to uphold medical ethics and initiate the process of regulation of medical technology in the larger interests of the society. Accordingly, it is proposed by the government to amend the aforesaid Act with a view to banning the use of both sex selection techniques prior to conception as well as the misuse of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for sex selective abortions and to regulate such techniques with a view to ensuring their scientific use for which they are intended. The Amendment Act, 2002 seeks to achieve the aforesaid objects. Highlights of the New Act: 1. The Act provides for the prohibition and regulation of SD techniques before or after conception. [17] 2. For the words and brackets â€Å"the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse)†, the words and brackets â€Å"the Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection)† shall be substituted. [18] This lays a lot of emphasis on the issue of female foeticide in particular. 3. Definitions of â€Å"conceptus†, â€Å"embryo† and â€Å"foetus† have been laid down specifically, which helps in determining the cause and stage of use of PNDT. [19] 4. The Explanations added to Sec. (ii) in clause (d), (e) and (g) have enlarged the scope of the Act to include even the portable PNDT equipment/machinery. [20] 5. Qualifications of a genetic has been upgraded. [21] 6. Amendment of section 17 of the principal Act re ads as follows— â€Å"(e) to take appropriate legal action against the use of any sex selection technique by any person at any place, suo motu or brought to its notice and also to initiate independent investigations in such matter† This provision has given extra scope to the authorities for the utilisation of the powers to fulfil their duties. 7. Insertion of new section 17A. -After section 17 of the principal Act, the following section is proposed to be inserted, namely:— â€Å"17A. Powers of Appropriate Authorities. The Appropriate Authority shall have the powers in respect of the following matters, namely:— (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   summoning of any person who is in possession of any information relating to violation of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder; (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚   production of any document or material object relating to clause (a); (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   issuing search warrant for any place suspected to be indulging in sex selectio n techniques or pre-natal sex determination; and (d)  Ã‚   any other matter which may be prescribed. †. This provision is very much in tune with the objective of Section 17 (e). 8. Provision with regard to the advertisements has been made more stringent. [22] 9. Definitely, the strongest provision of the Bill is the new section 24, which if brought to effect shall wipe all doubts with regard to the application of penal provisions to women undergoing the PNDT tests. The rovisions has rightly identified the problems of women in the cases of PNDT as in most cases, women are forced to go for these test or to forgo their marital lives their homes, even their lives. [23] Drawbacks of the new Act: I. Amendment of section 3. -In section 3 of the principal Act, for clause (2), the following clause shall be substituted, namely:— â€Å"(2) No Genetic Counselling Centre or Genetic Laboratory or Genetic Clinic shall employ or cause to be employed or take services of any person, w hether on honorary basis or on payment who does not possess the qualifications as may be prescribed. † The Section is negatively worded which gives a scope for the people specifically excluded in the provisions to take advantage of the loophole. Instead, if the provision was positively worded in the sense that it lad down as to who is eligible to carry the PNDT under the circumstances specified under the Act, it would have restrained anyone who is otherwise not specifically authorised to conduct such tests. II. Section 3B: Prohibition on sale of ultrasound machine, etc. , to persons, laboratories, clinics, etc. , not registered under the Act. – No person shall sell any ultrasound machine or imaging machine or scanner or any other equipment capable of detecting sex of foetus to any Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic Laboratory, Genetic Clinic or any other person not registered under the Act. † Though this is a strongly worded Section, which aims at curbing the clandestine sale of the PNDT equipments, it suffers from a major drawback. The Act or he Section does to talk about the manufacturing of these equipments because since manufacturing is the first step towards the black-marketing and other misuses. As such, there have to be specific guidelines as to the manufacturing. The manufacturing license should be issued only to the Governmental Institutions so that the monitoring becomes so much easier because of the control that he Government can exercise over these institutions. Also very closely linked to above point is the licensing function. If licenses for prenatal diagnosis were granted only to government institutions, the task of vigilance would be further simplified. The ban on misuse of techniques for SD imposed upon government institutions has not been violated for the past 15 years. Also there is no provision to the effect that the registration of the portable PNDT machinery/equipment’s are also registered. III. Amendment of section 4. -In section 4 of the principal Act, for clauses (3) and (4), the following clauses shall be substituted, namely:— â€Å"(3) No pre-natal diagnostic techniques shall be used or conducted unless the person qualified to do so is satisfied for reasons to be recorded in writing that any of the following conditions are fulfilled, namely:— The provisions of this section prima facie seem like a good provision but are a toothless one. The issue is that though citing a reason which satisfies the condition precedent laid down in the Act before the PNDT tests are conducted, the provisions misses out a crucial point. It does not mandate for the production of the documents to prove that the condition in fact, is satisfied and is very much in spirit wit the object of the Act. Also should be included in this provision the requirement t record al these documentary proof which shall be made available for verification by the CSB/SSB, etc. IV. Section 13 sub clause (vi) Any other condition as may be specified by the Board: This provision gives a lot of discretionary powers to the Boards, which have to be curtailed in the form of the guidelines. V. Amendment of section 5. In section 5 of the principal Act, for sub-section (2), the following sub-section shall be substituted, namely:— â€Å"(2) No person including the person conducting pre-natal diagnostic procedures shall communicate to the pregnant woman concerned or her relatives or any other person the sex of the foetus by words, signs, or in any other manner. † This provision has practical difficulties in terms of implementation. It is suggested by the author that a kind of code system be adopted whereby the tests which have satisfied the conditions of the Act be given a code number and sent for testing in a place which is authorised to conduct he tests for a particular area or region. This is to ensure that there exists no direct links between the family concerned and the medical practitioner who can convey the sex of the foetus, which might lead to the death of the foetus in case it turns out to be a female. This is because though the provisions bar the practitioner from conveying in any manner whatsoever, the proof that the same has not been conveyed cannot be assured. VI. Automatic suspension/cancellation from the Registry of Medical Practitioners of the name of doctors found guilty by the court without referring the matter to the Medical Council. VII. Insertion of new section 16A. -After section 16 of the principal Act, the following section shall be inserted, namely:— â€Å"16A. Constitution of State Supervisory Board and Union territory Supervisory Board. (1) Each State and Union territory having Legislature shall constitute a Board to be known as the State Supervisory Board or the Union territory Supervisory Board, as the case may be, which shall ha ve the following functions:— (10) In respect of matters not specified in this section, the State Board shall follow procedures and conditions as are applicable to the Board. † There are no rules and regulations with regard to the powers of the Boards as to in what way the powers have to be synchronised to fulfil their duties and function as specified in the Act. Also, this Section suffers from a serious defect. That is the Section has adopted a very top-down approach, which has been time and again proved to be ineffective and fruitless. Therefore, the approach should have bee a grass-root eve approach. This is even more applicable n the cases of PNDT because of the Act that a good chunk of cases are from rural areas which are very difficult to monitor and control. A Panchayat level machinery working hand in hand with local rural institutions like the Anganwadis and the school would be an idea way to tackle and combat the problem of PNDT. VIII. Also the Act has certain vague and ambiguous terms and expressions like â€Å"eminent† which are very problematic as to how they should be interpreted and put to use. IX. Punishable with imprisonment for a term, which may extend to three years and with fine which may extend to fifty thousand rupees for the first offence and for any subsequent offence with imprisonment which may extend to five years and with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees. The hike in the fines though would be applicable to the urban areas, it’s a mere letter of black and white on the paper when it comes to the rural areas. The rural people who, more often than not are extremely poor, are in no position to pay those high fines, which makes the provisions a redundant provisions. Instead, thee ha to be a mechanism whereby these people can be sensitized to the problems associated with the girl child. It is the firm belief of the author that public awareness is a much better and powerful tool than mere fines, especially with regard to the rural poor. X. A major hurdle in the endeavor to prohibit sex determination and regulation of PNDT techniques is that there is no proper duty laid upon any of he authorities in the Act. There is no penalty attached for non performance of the duties- commission or omission- cast upon the authorities. Especially in the light of the fact that so far the CSB have never met regularly as per the provisions of the Act. XI. The Financial Memorandum affixed to the Bill with regard to the expenses falling under Section 16 A of the Act has no regulation with regard to transparency, a ccountability, and regulatory body. This is very problematic and might just prove to be plunder’s paradise. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. [1] See, http://www. evesindia. com/health/features/reprod_health. html, visited on 10/10/02. | | [ 3 ]. [2] Id.. | | [ 4 ]. [3]In one hospital, a study showed that out of 8,000 abortions performed, 7,999 were female foetuses. See Shailaja Bajpai, India’s Lost Women, World Press Rev. , Apr. 1991, at 49. Also see, Vidya Deshpande, Where have all the girls gone? , http://www. indianexpress. com/fe/daily/19991202/faf28033. html, visited 24/12/02. | | [ 5 ]. [4]John F. Burns, India Fights Abortion of Female Foetuses, N. Y. Times, Aug. 27, 1994, at 5, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File. | | [ 6 ]. [5]Demographers pointing to such numbers have finally forced governments to take notice. Thus, India’s officials banned couples from using â€Å"technical means† to determine the sex of a foetus. The Sexes; Disappearing Girls; In China, India and South Korea, A Gender Gap Causes Worries, Asiaweek, Mar. 3, 1995, at 32 | [ 7 ]. [6]See India Bans Abortions of Female Fetuses; Another Move to Help Protect Baby Girls, Chi. Trib. , Jan. 10, 1996, at 13, available in LEXIS, World Library, Allwld File. | | [ 8 ]. [7] Section 3. | | [ 9 ]. [8] Section 4(4)| | [ 10 ]. [9] Section 4| | [ 11 ]. [10] Section 5(1)(c)| | [ 12 ]. [11] See section 24. Common response to the Act has been â€Å"If I do get arrested, I’ll spend a couple of months in prison, but what’s that compared to a lifetime of misery trying to bring up a girl? â€Å"| | [ 13 ]. [12] Section 17| | [ 14 ]. [13] Section 18| | [ 15 ]. [14] Sections 20-21| | [ 16 ]. [15] Section 22| | [ 17 ]. [16] Section 23| | [ 18 ]. 17] The long title of the Bill that is proposed to substituted the present long title reads as follows:— â€Å"An Act to provide for the prohibition of sex selection, before or after conception, and for regulation of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for the purposes of detecting genetic abnormalities or metabolic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities or certain congenital malformations or sex-linked disorders and for the prevention of their misuse for sex determination leading to female foeticide and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. † | | [ 19 ]. [18] Amendment of section 1 of the Act. | | [ 20 ]. [19] 4. Amendment of section 2. In section 2 of the principal Act,— (i) after clause (b), the following clauses shall be inserted, namely:— ‘(ba) â€Å"conceptus† means any product of conception at any stage of development from fertilisation until birth including extra embryonic membranes as well as the embryo or foetus; (bb) â€Å"embryo† means a developing human organism after fertilisation till the end of eight weeks (fifty-six days); (bc) â€Å"foetus† means a human organism during the period of its development beginning on the fifty-seventh day following fertilisation or creation (excluding any time in which its development has been suspended) and ending at the birth’ | | [ 21 ]. [20] â€Å"Explanation. — For the purposes of this clause, ‘Genetic Clinic’ includes a vehicle, where ultrasound machine or imaging machine or scanner or other equipment capable of determ ining sex of the foetus or a portable equipment which has the potential for detection of sex during pregnancy or selection of sex before conception, is used. † | | [ 22 ]. 21] ‘(g) â€Å"medical geneticist† includes a person who possesses a degree or diploma in genetic science in the fields of sex selection and pre-natal diagnostic techniques or has experience of not less than two years in any of these fields after obtaining— (i) any one of the medical qualifications recognised under the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 (102 of 1956); or (ii) a post-graduate degree in biological sciences. ’ | | [ 23 ]. [22] Substitution of new section for section 22. -For section 22 of the principal Act, the following section shall be substituted, namely:— 22. Prohibition of advertisement relating to pre-conception and pre-natal determination of sex and punishment for contravention. (1) No person, organisation, Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic Laboratory or Genetic Clinic, including clinic, laboratory or centre having ultrasound machine or imaging machine or scanner or any other technology capable of undertaking determination of sex of foetus or sex selection shall issue, publish, distribute, communicate or cause to be issued, published, distributed or communicated any advertisement, in any form, including internet, regarding facilities of pre-natal determination of sex or sex selection before conception available at such centre, laboratory, clinic or at any other place. See also, Substitution of new section for section 16. –    | | [ 24 ]. [23] Substitution of new section for section 24. For section 24 of the principal Act, the following section shall be substituted, namely:— â€Å"24. Presumption in the case of conduct of pre-natal diagnostic techniques. -Notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, the court shall presume unless the contrary is proved that the pregnant woman was compelled by her husband or any other relative, as the case may be, to undergo pre-natal diagnostic technique for the purposes other than those specified in sub-section (2) of section 4 and such person shall be liable for abatement of offence under sub-section (3) of section 23 and shall be punishable for the offence specified under that section. †| | How to cite Female Foeticide, Papers